The process of electing a new Pope, known as the Conclave, is governed by precise canonical norms that have evolved over centuries. One of the key documents establishing the current procedure is the Apostolic Constitution “Universi Dominici Gregis” issued by Pope John Paul II on February 22, 1996.
After the death of Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI amended the document in 2007, mandating only a two-thirds vote system for the election of a new Pontiff, eliminating the possibility of a compromise vote.
Understanding the Conclave
The term conclave originates from the Latin “cum clavis” (with a key) and refers to the place where cardinal electors are secluded during the papal election process. This seclusion aims to ensure impartiality, prayer, and reflection in a discreet environment.
The conclave occurs in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, where the cardinals reside, pray, and deliberate until a new pope is elected.
Key Phases of the Conclave
The process of electing a new pope is a significant and solemn event in the Catholic Church. It is divided into several distinct phases, each governed by strict rules established by canon law.
1. Apostolic Vacancy: Start of the Interregnum Period
The apostolic vacancy commences with the death of the Pope or his formal resignation. During this period:
- The Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church verifies the Pope’s death publicly.
- The Fisherman’s Ring is broken or marked.
- The Vatican Secret Archives are sealed until the election of a new Pope.
- The government of the Church is entrusted to the College of Cardinals.
🔶 Note: Vatican City has no Head of State during this vacancy.
2. Funeral of the Deceased Pope
If the Pope has passed away, elaborate funeral services are held in St. Peter’s Basilica.
3. General Congregations of the Cardinals
Prior to the conclave, cardinals (both electors and non-electors) convene in General Congregations to prepare for the conclave.
4. Congregation for the Celebration of the Conclave
This meeting finalizes the details of the conclave, including venue confirmation and appointment of necessary roles.
5. Entry into the Conclave
The cardinal electors enter the Sistine Chapel in a solemn procession, pledging secrecy.
6. Secret Ballots (Scrutinium)
Voting takes place through secret, written ballots with a structured ritual.
7. Election and Acceptance of the New Pope
When a candidate receives two-thirds of the votes, he accepts the election and chooses a papal name.
8. Public Proclamation: “Habemus Papam”
The new Pope is announced to the world, followed by his appearance in St. Peter’s Square.
9. Solemn Entry and Inauguration Ceremony
A formal inauguration ceremony marks the beginning of the new Pope’s ministry.
Distinct Features of the Conclave
- Total Isolation: Cardinals are secluded from the outside world.
- Ritual Transparency: The process follows precise norms and ancient rituals.
- Absolute Confidentiality: Communicating with the outside world is forbidden.
- Relative speed: Modern organization aims for a timely resolution.
The Universi Dominici Gregis outlines key features of the Conclave, emphasizing the importance of the process and the solemnity it entails.
